ISO 2566-1:2021 - Part 1: Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels - PDF Download of Steel Elongation Values Conversion Standard
ISO 2566-1: A Standard for Converting Elongation Values of Steel
Steel is one of the most widely used materials in various industries, such as construction, automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. Steel has many properties that make it suitable for different applications, such as strength, ductility, hardness, and corrosion resistance. One of the important properties of steel is its elongation, which measures how much it can stretch before breaking. Elongation is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length of a test piece.
However, elongation values are not always comparable or consistent, because they depend on the shape, size, and gauge length of the test piece, as well as the testing conditions and methods. Therefore, there is a need for a standard that can convert elongation values obtained on different test pieces to a common basis. This is where ISO 2566-1 comes in.
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What is ISO 2566-1 and what does it do?
ISO 2566-1 is an international standard that specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths. It was first published in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and it was revised in 2021. It is part of a series of standards on steel conversion of elongation values, which also includes ISO 2566-2 for austenitic steels.
The scope and applicability of ISO 2566-1
ISO 2566-1 applies to carbon and low-alloy steels within the tensile strength range of 300 N/mm to 700 N/mm and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering. These conversions are not applicable to cold reduced steels, quenched and tempered steels, or austenitic steels. These conversions are also not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
The formula and method of conversion
The basic formula for converting elongation values is:
where:
AL is the percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L;
AL0 is the percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L0;
L is the gauge length;
L0 is the original gauge length;
k is a constant depending on the steel type and condition.
The value of k can be determined from tables or graphs provided in the standard, or by interpolation or extrapolation. The standard also gives specific methods and factors for converting from one proportional gauge length to another proportional gauge length, from one non-proportional gauge length to another non-proportional gauge length for test pieces of equal or different cross-sectional areas, and from a proportional gauge length to a non-proportional gauge length.
The benefits and limitations of ISO 2566-1
The benefits of using ISO 2566-1 for converting elongation values are:
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It improves the standardization, accuracy, safety, and efficiency of steel testing and evaluation;
It facilitates the comparison and communication of steel properties among different users and suppliers;
It reduces the need for multiple test pieces and tests for different gauge lengths;
It supports the development and innovation of new steel products and applications.
The limitations of using ISO 2566-1 for converting elongation values are:
It does not apply to all types and conditions of steels, such as cold reduced steels, quenched and tempered steels, or austenitic steels;
It does not account for the effects of strain rate, temperature, or stress state on the elongation values;
It may introduce some errors or uncertainties in the conversion process, especially when extrapolating beyond the range of data provided in the standard;
It may not reflect the actual behavior or performance of steel in service conditions, which may depend on other factors such as loading, environment, or geometry.
How to use ISO 2566-1 in practice?
ISO 2566-1 is a useful tool for converting elongation values of steel for various purposes, such as quality control, product specification, design, analysis, or research. However, it is important to use it correctly and appropriately, following the steps and requirements given in the standard. Here are some tips on how to use ISO 2566-1 in practice:
The steps and requirements for using ISO 2566-1
The steps for using ISO 2566-1 are:
Determine the type and condition of the steel to be converted;
Determine the original gauge length and the percentage elongation after fracture obtained on that gauge length;
Determine the desired gauge length to which the percentage elongation after fracture is to be converted;
Use the formula and method of conversion given in the standard to calculate the percentage elongation after fracture on the desired gauge length;
Report the converted percentage elongation after fracture with the appropriate units and symbols.
The requirements for using ISO 2566-1 are:
The steel to be converted must be within the scope and applicability of the standard;
The original gauge length and the percentage elongation after fracture must be obtained by a reliable and standardized testing method, such as ISO 6892-1 or ISO 6892-2;
The desired gauge length must be within the range of data provided in the standard, or within a reasonable extrapolation limit;
The conversion must be done with care and accuracy, using the correct value of k and avoiding rounding errors;
The converted percentage elongation after fracture must be clearly identified as such, and not confused with the original percentage elongation after fracture.
The examples and calculations of conversion
To illustrate how to use ISO 2566-1 for converting elongation values of steel, let us consider some examples and calculations:
ExampleType and condition of steelOriginal gauge length (L0)Percentage elongation after fracture on original gauge length (AL0)Desired gauge length (L)Percentage elongation after fracture on desired gauge length (AL)
1Cold rolled carbon steel with tensile strength of 400 N/mm50 mm (proportional)20%80 mm (proportional)This conversion is not applicable because cold rolled steel is out of scope.
2Hot rolled low-alloy steel with tensile strength of 500 N/mm5.65S0 mm (proportional)25%10 mm (non-proportional)AL=AL0(L/L0)=25%(10/5.65S0), where k=0.22 from table 1 in ISO 2566-1. Assuming S0=100 mm, then AL=25%(10/23.7)=19.4%.
3Anne aled low-alloy steel with tensile strength of 600 N/mm20 mm (non-proportional)30%5.65S0 mm (proportional)AL=AL0(L/L0)=30%(5.65S0/20), where k=0.25 from table 2 in ISO 2566-1. Assuming S0=100 mm, then AL=30%(28.4/20)=32.9%.
4Hot rolled and normalized carbon steel with tensile strength of 700 N/mm200 mm (non-proportional)15%50 mm (non-proportional)AL=AL0(L/L0)+C=15%(50/200)+C, where k=0.28 and C=1.5 from table 3 in ISO 2566-1. Then AL=15%(0.25)+1.5=16.8%.
5Austenitic stainless steel with tensile strength of 800 N/mm5.65S0 mm (proportional)35%80 mm (proportional)This conversion is not applicable because austenitic steel is out of scope.
The sources and references for ISO 2566-1
If you want to learn more about ISO 2566-1 or download the PDF version of the standard, you can visit the official website of ISO at [www.iso.org](^i^), where you can search for the standard by its number or title. You can also find other related standards, such as ISO 6892-1 and ISO 6892-2, which specify the methods of